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The Signposts Perspectives
1,901 AD-1,950 AD:

Certain mythical animals are proving to be real; women get voting rights; Tunguska; Machu Picchu; radio, vacuum tubes, airplanes, transistors are invented; Einstein; biochemical weapons; Great Depression; World Wars I and II; Social Security; George Orwell writes Nineteen Eighty-Four; McCarthyism

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BACK to the timeline: Before 1,901 AD in Perspectives...


The Signposts Perspectives: 1,901 AD-1,950 AD Table of Contents


1847 AD- 1902 AD: After centuries of dismissal as folk tales and myths, the existence of giant apes in Africa is proven; The existence of giant pandas is only semi-proven at this time (with physical evidence in the form of skins)

After centuries of unconfirmed sightings of a giant ape in the region of the Gabon river, Americans Savage and Wyman report seeing it in 1847 (later humanity will refer to this animal as the western lowland gorilla). The West begins hearing native tales of a monster ape living near the Virunga volcanoes of east Africa in 1861. They are largely dismissed out of hand-- but in 1902 a soldier and friends kill two of the apes and manage to transport one of the huge bodies back to civilization for proof.

-- Mountain Gorilla Stamps ["http://www.pibburns.com/cryptost/mgorilla.htm"]

Not until 1937 will a living example of a giant panda be acquired, proving once and for all the veracity of local stories about the animal.

-- The Unnatural Museum - Cryptozoological Alumni ["http://www.unmuseum.org/found.htm"] by Lee Krystek, 1996

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1,902 AD: A pyroclastic flow from the eruption of Mont Pelee destroys St. Pierre on Martinique, with a death toll of almost 30,000

-- Godzilla's Attacking Babylon: Grim Statistics ["http://www.he.net/~archaeol/online/features/godzilla/stats.html"], 1999, the Archaeological Institute of America, http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/godzilla/stats.html

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1,895 AD-1,915 AD: Marconi broadcasts radio signals wirelessly; Einstein presents his theory of relativity; Flamm sees the potential for faster-than-light travel in Einstein's equations; Penicillin is discovered for the first time (and is promptly forgotten/ignored)

The great flu epidemic of 1918 (as well as other ills) may have been far less tragic for the world overall if the discovery of penicillin at this time had been exploited. The flu killed 20 million globally, half a million in USAmerica alone. The antibiotic may also have saved many during World War One as well, had it been available.

-- Milestones in Technology, February 26, 1999, The Knoxville News-Sentinel ["http://www.knoxnews.com/"] and "United States History", page 502, The 1996 World Almanac and Book of Facts, World Almanac Books publisher

-- "Frenchman Found Penicillin Before Fleming -Author", Reuters; http://dailynews.yahoo.com; News Science Headlines, July 17 1999

Other notable events during this time include the 1896 founding of one of the companies which will ultimately form IBM, and the 1897 invention of the cathode-ray tube (an important component for TVs and computer displays to come).

-- The digital century: Computing through the ages by the PC World staff, (IDG) /CNN, November 24, 1999

German Ludwig Flamm finds hints in Einstein's equations that shortcuts through spacetime may be possible (phenomena like wormholes, faster-than-light travel, and time travel).

-- Time-Travel Theory Gets Boost ["http://www.discovery.com/news/briefs/20000413/space_wormhole.html"] By Discovery.com News April 13, 2000

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1,903 AD: The American Wright brothers invent the airplane (heavier-than-air aircraft)-- but many experts and major institutions/organizations won't believe it for another five years

-- Milestones in Technology, February 26, 1999, The Knoxville News-Sentinel ["http://www.knoxnews.com/"]

For the next five years the Wright brothers will struggle to convince skeptics they have a heaver-than-air device which can truly fly. They repeatedly do public demonstrations, obtain affidavits from local witnesses, and take photos of themselves in the air. But throughout it all critics like most US scientists, the US military, and even Scientific American insist the Wrights must be perpetrating a hoax.

-- Skeptics who were wrong, Alternative Science Website, http://www.alternativescience.com, Richard Milton, October 17, 1999

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1,904 AD: Englander John Fleming invents the vacuum tube

-- Technology, page 592, The 1996 Universal Almanac, Andrews and MacMeel, 1995

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1,905 AD- 1906 AD: Earthquakes measuring 8.6 on the Richter scale strike Kashmir India and Valparaiso Chile

-- 1905: An 8.6 earthquake kills 19,000 in Kashmir India. 1906: An 8.6 earthquake kills 1500 in Valparaiso, Chile (fortunately this region is only sparsely populated at the time).

-- Analysis: Giant quakes shook human history by MARTIN SIEFF, United Press International, 31 January 2001

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1,908 AD: The Tunguska explosions occur in Siberia

An unknown object seems to explode at 7.6 km in altitude above the landscape. Most scientists circa 1999 AD will believe it was an asteroid or comet. Since there is little residue left behind the object may have lost only a portion of its mass in the explosions with the remainder continuing on, skipping up and out of the atmosphere and back into space again. The lack of residue may also point to the object being a comet, since a composition largely of ice would simply have melted and merged with the Earth's own water supply in the aftermath. The blasts (there's more than one) level forests in a region "...more than half the size of Rhode Island..." with "...2,000 times the force of the atomic bomb exploded over Hiroshima in 1945...".

-- TUNGUSKA: The Cosmic Mystery of the Century, Southworth Planetarium ["http://www.usm.maine.edu/~planet/tung.html"] by Planetarium Director, Roy A. Gallant, found on or about 5-30-99

The Tunguska event is, to say the least, unusual. Details from local people and agencies of this time (1908 Russian and European) describe many visible strange effects in the skies over northern Europe for as much as a week preceding the event, and possibly a month afterwards. No craters are found, and virtually no conclusive debris of a non-terrestrial object. The sky wake of the object does not resemble that of typical meteors, but something more like the aurora borealis, or northern lights, which is a combination geomagnetic and solar energy phenomenon. A magnetic storm similar to that which will be observed in the aftermath of nuclear explosions many decades later occurs in the vicinity of Tunguska for more than four hours following the event.

-- ANOMALOUS PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH THE 1908 TUNGUSKA EVENT From Science Frontiers Digest of Scientific Anomalies ["http://www.knowledge.co.uk/frontiers/"] #100, JUL-AUG 1995 by William R. Corliss, citing N.V. Vasilyev; "The Tunguska Meteorite: A Dead-Lock or the Start of a New Stage of Inquiry?" RIAP Bulletin, 1;3, nos. 3-4, July-December 1994, and 2:1, no. 1, January-March 1995. (RIAP stands for Research Institute on Anomalous Phenomena, address: P.O. Box 4684, 310022 Kharkov-22, UKRAINE)

-- TUNGUSKA AFTERGLOW From Science Frontiers Digest of Scientific Anomalies ["http://www.knowledge.co.uk/frontiers/"] #121, JAN-FEB 1999 by William R. Corliss, citing Anonymous; "Like Dawn at Midnight," New York Times, July 5, 1908. Cr. M. Piechota

Increasingly detailed investigations and analysis of the Tunguska event over succeeding decades also will not reveal any impact crater. But a tiny amount of particulate matter seemingly embedded in trees at the time will help convince some that the object was a stony meteorite. However, the absence of even small craters, plus the fact that the particulate matter found in the trees all seem made of terrestrial materials not uncommon to Siberia (and so perhaps lifted from local lands by the shock waves and then embedded in the trees), will still allow the event to be safely labeled as 'anomalous' and unresolved, circa 2000 AD.

-- REMNANTS OF TUNGUSKA From Science Frontiers Digest of Scientific Anomalies ["http://www.knowledge.co.uk/frontiers/"] #102 Nov-Dec 1995 by William R. Corliss, citing Anonymous; "Remnants of Tunguska," Astronomy, 23:26, October 1995

[Caution: Extreme speculation ahead; this section mostly created for "What If?" entertainment value]

In light of the continued controversy over Tunguska, it has been suggested that the event may have been caused not by the suspect comet or other meteor, but by ongoing experiments at the time by Nikola Tesla instead, in America-- specifically, Telsa's Wardenclyffe experiments on Long Island. Is this scenario even possible? And if so, is it reasonable as well? Let us examine what is known.

By 1908, Tesla had been in dire straits for years regarding his Wardenclyffe project on Long Island. It was apparently capable of some operations by the summer of 1903 (lighting up the sky for hundreds of miles), but lost some of its equipment in a legal judgement in 1912. Ergo, it's possible Wardenclyffe was capable of producing some sort of spectacular atmospheric effects over hundreds of miles at least between 1903 and 1912.

By late 1906 Tesla and his project were mired in despair and desperation, his offices at the tower suffering vandalism and worse; virtually all the workers but Tesla had abandoned the project. Could the day of the Tunguska event in 1908 have been one last secret but failed attempt by Tesla to prove the functionality of his tower? There appears to be little official documentation on Tesla's personal activities during much of this period-- except that he seemed to continue trying to complete the project until the tower itself was physically torn down, around 1917.

Tesla once described his power transmission means as brightening the night sky as currents were fed through the upper atmosphere.

Telsa lost ownership of the project in 1915, and it would be completely dismantled/destroyed in roughly mid-1917.

The Tunguska site appears to be well over 2000 miles away from the Long Island site. Tesla's light show effects from his various projects typically displayed a range of only hundreds of miles, according to various witness reports. Although Tesla himself claimed he could extend his range virtually globally.

Thus, a conservative judgement would be that it is very unlikely that Tesla was in any way responsible for the Tunguska event. However, given the to-this-day puzzling anomalies regarding Tunguska, and Tesla's proven brilliance and ability to achieve things 'impossible' to most others, as well as his probable desperation to prove Wardenclyffe's worth to investors at that time, and the strong possibility the facility was functional around the time the blast occurred, all make it impossible to rule out Tesla altogether.

But if Tesla himself ever made any mention of the Tunguska event, I haven't seen documentation of it.

-- Tesla: Man out of Time by Margaret Cheney, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1981

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1,900 AD- 1,910 AD: In constant dollars, US GNP growth per capita is 29% through this period

-- INVESTOR'S GUIDE 2002 Warren Buffett on the Stock Market ["http://www.fortune.com/indexw.jhtml?channel=artcol.jhtml&doc_id=205324"] By Carol Loomis; FORTUNE; December 10, 2001

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1,911 AD: Hugo Gernsback begins predicting technologies like television, tape recorders, fluorescent lights, space probes, organ transplantation, jet planes, helicopter shuttles, and voice identification; Almost 400 years after the conquest of the Incas, the mountain retreat of Machu Picchu is found

In his radio magazine Modern Electrics Hugo Gernsback publishes a short story titled "Ralph 124C 41+: A Romance of the Year 2660", predicting aluminum foil, skywriting, solar power, fax machines, microfilm, radar, and holograms.

-- Science Fiction Prophecies ["http://www.sfcanada.ca/fall99/prophecies.htm"] By Edward Willett, SF Canada, ARTICLES Fall 1999, Posted September 2, 1999

Gernsback also predicts loud speakers, juke boxes, tape recorders, fluorescent lights, both hot and cold foods from vending machines on demand, and television (perhaps even being the first to coin the term).

Later he went on to predict tear gas mob control, electronic music, radio and TV networks, glass walled skyscrapers, space probes, organ transplants, jet planes, helicopter shuttles, voice identification, wireless power transmission, weather control, and more.

-- The Ultimate Hugo Gernsback ["http://www.twd.net/ird/forecast/1997Auultimate.html"] Introduction to Hugo Gernsback's Novel "Ultimate World" by Sam Moskowitz (1921-1997) Forecast AUGUST 1997

Professor Hiram Bingham finds the lost Incan mountain top retreat of Machu Picchu. Built around 1300 AD, it escaped discovery by the looting Spaniards in 1532, and for many centuries following. It took the arguably most technologically advanced civilizations on Earth some 379 years to finally discover its existence-- and this was after they'd already conquered the lands in which the retreat was hidden.

-- The Secret City on the Mountain Top, The Unnatural Museum - Lost Cities ["http://www.unmuseum.org/lostcity.htm"] by Lee Krystek

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1,911 AD: The USAmerican government forces Rockefeller's Standard Oil trust to split up into six major companies

Rockefeller's personal wealth in 1910 amounted to roughly 2.5% that of the whole USAmerican economy.

-- Trustbusters: A history lesson ["http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/in_depth/business/2000/microsoft/newsid_635000/635257.stm"] By BBC News Online's Steve Schifferes, 15 February, 2000, BBC News

USAmerican political party dominance immediately before and during this noteworthy time

Contemporary/short term party precedence in power regarding this period (in power during noted events and/or during the 4-6 years preceding same events):

President: Republican, William Howard taft, contemporary; 1909-1913
Theodore Roosevelt, Republican, preceding term

-- The Universal Almanac 1996, Andrews & McMeel, pages 70-91, and other sources

Senate: Republican majority, contemporary (61st and 62nd Congresses)
Republican controlled 58th, 59th, 60th during the preceding 4-6 years

-- U.S. Senate Statistics: Majority and Minority Parties ["http://www.senate.gov/learning/stat_13.html"] and Senate Statistics Vice Presidents ["http://www.senate.gov/learning/learn_history_statistics.html"]

House of Representatives: Republican majority, (61st House), Democratic majority (62nd House) contemporary
Republican controlled 58th, 59th, 60th, during the preceding 4-6 years

-- Political Divisions of the House of Representatives (1789 to Present) ["http://clerkweb.house.gov/histrecs/househis/lists/divisionh.htm"], Source: Committee on House Administration. Charlie Rose, Chairman. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1994. History of the United States House of Representatives, 1789-1994 Washington: 1994

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1,911 AD: Great Britain enacts a program of social security for its citizens

Social security programs vary in their details between nations, but the general theme is usually one of cash assistance to reduce the impact of income loss from reasons such as unemployment, illness/injury, and old age.

Great Britain will expand the range of its social security program after World War II.

-- page 764, "social security", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

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1,914 AD- 1,918 AD: World War I and the global flu pandemic; The flu kills twice as many as the war; Several developed nations enact health insurance plans for their citizens after this period; Britain takes control of Palestine; The Republican party in USAmerica will soon begin to push for protection of business interests and limiting the power of the federal government

10 million people are killed, 20 million injured in WW I.

-- page 907, "World War I", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

This current flu pandemic will be the worst to strike the world for at least the next 80 years or so. 23% of the population in Britain is afflicted. Globally some 20 million plus will die. About half the deaths will occur in underdeveloped India.

-- Ready or not...by Nell Boyce, From New Scientist magazine, 29 January 2000

Human and pig influenza viruses mixed genetically to produce the deadly 1918 Spanish flu. History has not seen the last of such pandemics.

-- Pig, Human Viruses Triggered 1918 Flu Pandemic - Researchers By Will Dunham; Yahoo!/Reuters; September 6 2001

The USSR, France, Britain, Chile, and other countries will follow the lead of Germany in creating health insurance programs for their citizens in the years after WW I.

-- page 357, "health insurance", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

The USAmerican Republican party will begin aligning with various conservative issues like defending business interests and limiting the power of the federal government in the aftermath of World War I.

-- The Learning Kingdom's Today in History for July 6, 2000, http://www.LearningKingdom.com

USAmerican political party dominance immediately before and during this noteworthy time

Contemporary/short term party precedence in power regarding this period (in power during noted events and/or during the 4-6 years preceding same events):

President: Democrat, Woodrow Wilson, contemporary; 1913-1921
William Howard Taft, Republican, preceding term

-- The Universal Almanac 1996, Andrews & McMeel, pages 70-91, and other sources

Senate: Democratic majority, contemporary (63rd, 64th, 65th Congresses)
Republican controlled 60th, 61st, 62nd during the preceding 4-6 years

-- U.S. Senate Statistics: Majority and Minority Parties ["http://www.senate.gov/learning/stat_13.html"] and Senate Statistics Vice Presidents ["http://www.senate.gov/learning/learn_history_statistics.html"]

House of Representatives: Democratic majority, (63rd, 64th Houses), Republican majority (65th House) contemporary
Republican controlled 60th, 61st, Democrat controlled 62nd, during the preceding 4-6 years

-- Political Divisions of the House of Representatives (1789 to Present) ["http://clerkweb.house.gov/histrecs/househis/lists/divisionh.htm"], Source: Committee on House Administration. Charlie Rose, Chairman. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1994. History of the United States House of Representatives, 1789-1994 Washington: 1994

During World War I the British take Palestine. At this time the British appear sympathetic to the goal of some to make an official Jewish homeland in Palestine.

-- page 619, "Palestine", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

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1,917 AD- 1,925 AD: Teilhard de Chardin and perhaps others foresee the coming of a globally networked consciousness; A trans-Atlantic fax is sent in 1924

Teilhard de Chardin envisions his "noosphere"; a concept strikingly similar to what late 20th century people will know as the Gaia hypothesis (that the Earth is a single living organism), wrapped within an outer layer of atmospheric communications very like the telecommunications-based internet and telephony of the 21st century. The concept may be somewhat shared by other big thinkers of the period, including Carl Jung with his "collective unconscious", and perhaps was preceded/inspired by the "superorganic" idea of Alfred Kroeber in 1917.

-- Teilhard de Chardin And the Noosphere ["http://www.zdnet.com/computershopper/stories/reviews/0,7171,2418852,00.html"] By John Dvorak, Computer Shopper ["http://www.zdnet.com/cshopper/"], January 24, 2000

The first fax is sent across the Atlantic Ocean in 1924.

-- The Learning Kingdom's Today in History for June 5, 2000, http://www.LearningKingdom.com

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1,918 AD: US citizen Eugene Debs makes a speech against America's participation in World War I; Debs' speech leads to his conviction via the Espionage Act and a sentence of 10 years in prison. This happened in America

-- Against Dissent: Why free speech is important as the U.S. drops cluster bombs By Robert Jensen; CounterPunch; November 2, 2001

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"To announce that there must be no criticism of the President, or that we are to stand by the President, right or wrong, is not only unpatriotic and servile, but is morally treasonable to the American public."

-- Theodore Roosevelt, US Republican president, 1918

-- "http://www.americanpresident.org/kotrain/courses/TR/TR_In_His_Own_Words.htm"

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1,920 AD: "...human history becomes more and more a race between education and catastrophe..."

-- H.G. Wells

-- Journey to the Center of Jules Verne ["http://www.vision.org/jrnl/9901/verne.html"] by EDWIN STEPP

A major earthquake (8.6 on the Richter Scale) occurs in Gansu, China There are 100,000 victims.

-- Godzilla's Attacking Babylon: Grim Statistics ["http://www.he.net/~archaeol/online/features/godzilla/stats.html"], 1999, the Archaeological Institute of America, http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/godzilla/stats.html

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1,920 AD: USAmerica enacts the 19th amendment to its Constitution, allowing women the right to vote; By 12-31-1920 the Dow Jones Industrial Average stands at 71.95

-- page 905, "woman suffrage", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

-- INVESTOR'S GUIDE 2002 Warren Buffett on the Stock Market ["http://www.fortune.com/indexw.jhtml?channel=artcol.jhtml&doc_id=205324"] By Carol Loomis; FORTUNE; December 10, 2001

USAmerican political party dominance immediately before and during this noteworthy time

Contemporary/short term party precedence in power regarding this period (in power during noted events and/or during the 4-6 years preceding same events):

President: Democrat, Woodrow Wilson, contemporary; 1913-1921
William Howard Taft, Republican, preceding executive

-- The Universal Almanac 1996, Andrews & McMeel, pages 70-91, and other sources

Senate: Republican majority, contemporary (66th Congress)
Democrat controlled 63rd, 64th, 65th during the preceding 4-6 years

-- U.S. Senate Statistics: Majority and Minority Parties ["http://www.senate.gov/learning/stat_13.html"] and Senate Statistics Vice Presidents ["http://www.senate.gov/learning/learn_history_statistics.html"]

House of Representatives: Republican majority, contemporary (66th Houses)
Democratically controlled 63rd, 64th, Republican controlled 65th, during the preceding 4-6 years

-- Political Divisions of the House of Representatives (1789 to Present) ["http://clerkweb.house.gov/histrecs/househis/lists/divisionh.htm"], Source: Committee on House Administration. Charlie Rose, Chairman. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1994. History of the United States House of Representatives, 1789-1994 Washington: 1994

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1,910 AD- 1,920 AD: In constant dollars, US GNP growth per capita is 1% through this period

-- INVESTOR'S GUIDE 2002 Warren Buffett on the Stock Market ["http://www.fortune.com/indexw.jhtml?channel=artcol.jhtml&doc_id=205324"] By Carol Loomis; FORTUNE; December 10, 2001

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1,922 AD: The League of Nations approves the British control of Palestine; A large influx of Jewish peoples into Palestine begins

The Arab residents of Palestine oppose the inflow of Jews. Violence occurs between the two groups.

-- page 619, "Palestine", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

Here may be another potential turning point in human history. For if the 'melting pot' of USAmerica had been more accomodating to Jewish immigrants at this time (or the British had not been formally given control of Palestine by the League of Nations), the population and political dynamics of the Middle-east may not have begun changing as much as they do now. The USA and/or Britain may instead have ended up with significantly larger proportions of ethnic Jews among their populations in the decades to come, but the enmity between Jews and Moslems in the middle-east and worldwide which develops in the decades following this time over the existence of a new state of Israel may never have come about-- leading perhaps to a much more peaceful and prosperous world for all, and the saving of countless human lives over the decades (and maybe centuries) to come.

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1,923 AD: A major earthquake (8.3 on the Richter Scale) occurs in Yokohama, Japan

There are 200,000 victims.

-- Godzilla's Attacking Babylon: Grim Statistics ["http://www.he.net/~archaeol/online/features/godzilla/stats.html"], 1999, the Archaeological Institute of America, http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/godzilla/stats.html

1923: An 8.3 earthquake destroys Tokyo Japan, killing up to 150,000. As of early 2001 this is thought to be the worst earthquake to strike a major city in all of known history. Tokyo will suffer a similar scale of carnage again in 1945 due to fire bombing by USAmerica in WWII.

-- Analysis: Giant quakes shook human history by MARTIN SIEFF, United Press International, 31 January 2001

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1,925 AD: The Geneva Convention bans the use of biological and chemical weapons in war. Japan does not agree to the treaty.

Germ warfare timeline, Aug. 13, 1995, Germ warfare ["http://www.cnd.org/njmassacre/recent-news2.html"], Global Alliance for Preserving the History of World War II in Asia, citing ''Factories of Death,'' by Sheldon H. Harris (Routledge, 1994); and ''Prisoners of the Japanese: POWS of World War II in the Pacific,'' by Gavan Daws (William Morrow, 1994)

-- Humane killing by Rob Edwards, From New Scientist, 4 December 1999

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1,920 AD-1,929 AD: The wealthiest one percent of USAmericans enjoy a 75% rise in income; for all other USAmericans the rise in disposable income is 9%

-- Parallels Between the 1990s and the 1920s Is History Repeating Itself? ["http://www.tompaine.com/feature.cfm/ID/3431"] (apparently by Robert S. McElvaine); Aug 08 2000; www.tompaine.com

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1,930 AD: Another Tunguska-like event takes place; this time rocking Brazil near the border of Peru

Jungle fires rage for months in the aftermath. The remote location of the incident leaves precious little record behind of its occurance.

-- A TUNGUSKA-LIKE BLAST IN BRAZIL IN 1930 From Science Frontiers Digest of Scientific Anomalies ["http://www.knowledge.co.uk/frontiers/"] #102 Nov-Dec 1995 by William R. Corliss, citing Colin Keay; "The NonDenominational Day of Reckoning," the Australian periodical Skeptic, 15:44, Spring 1995

It appears there may have been three separate bodies involved in the impact. And these were followed in 1935 by another impact in British Guyana.

-- TARGET: SOUTH AMERICA From Science Frontiers Digest of Scientific Anomalies ["http://www.knowledge.co.uk/frontiers/"] #103, JAN-FEB 1996 by William R. Corliss, citing Mark E. Bailey, et al; "The 1930 August 13 'Brazilian Tunguska' Event," Observatory, 115:250, 1995; Marcus Chown; "Did Falling Comet Cause Rumble in the Jungle?" New Scientist, p. 12, November 11, 1995; Serge A. Kroff, et al; "Tornado or Meteor Crash?" The Sky, 3:8, September 1939

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1,920 AD- 1,930 AD: In constant dollars, US GNP growth per capita is 13% through this period

-- INVESTOR'S GUIDE 2002 Warren Buffett on the Stock Market ["http://www.fortune.com/indexw.jhtml?channel=artcol.jhtml&doc_id=205324"] By Carol Loomis; FORTUNE; December 10, 2001

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1910 AD- 1950 AD: In terms of unit cost, computing speed is doubling every three years during this period

-- The Web Within Us By Ray Kurzweil, raymond@kurzweiltech.com, Business 2.0: WEB FUTURE, December 1999: The Next 1000 Years, http://www.business2.com/

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1907 AD- 1963 AD: USAmerica carries out Nazi-like sterilizations on more than 62,000 of its citizens

-- "Student uncovers records of Vermont eugenics project", CNN/The Associated Press, August 7, 1999

Indiana passed the first eugenics law in 1907. Dozens more American states followed. By 1963, 62,000+ people judged to be "feebleminded" or insane had been neutered based on these laws.

The laws were passed at least partly on the recommendations of some scientists and doctors, in the belief that it would reduce crime and mental illness in society, as well as save money over the long term by reducing the numbers of people requiring institutionalization.

The prevailing social circumstances of the time meant that the poor and various minorities tended to be disproportionately selected for sterilization.

The Nazis neutered up to 375,000 in the 1930s, then expanded their program to include what they called 'mercy killings'.

-- U.S. Eugenics Like Nazi Policy ["http://abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/eugenics_000214.html"] By David Morgan, Feb. 14 (found on or about 4-1-2000)

Other sites possibly relevant to this subject include "http://vector.cshl.org/eugenics"

-- Defective argument, New Scientist magazine, 01 April 2000

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1,932 AD: Aldous Huxley worries that a lengthy global war using biochemical weapons lies ahead

This comes from his novel Brave New World. He goes on to describe a future, tightly controlled society, capable of producing babies via test tube. Mind control and population control would both be utilized by the government.

In 1947 Huxley will comment on his predictions, saying he originally believed them to possibly lie as much as 600 years in the future, but now was afraid they might come true in less than 100.

-- Journey to the Center of Jules Verne ["http://www.vision.org/jrnl/9901/verne.html"] by EDWIN STEPP

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1,935 AD: 3% of Americans are invested in the stock market; the US unemployment rate is 25%

In 1935 3% of USAmericans were investors in the stock market, and national unemployment stood at 25%.

-- Social Security, born 65 years ago, still paying dividends ["http://www.sduniontribune.com/news/uniontrib/sat/news/news_1n12socsec.html"] By Mary Deibel, SCRIPPS HOWARD NEWS SERVICE/Union-Tribune Publishing Co., August 12, 2000

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1,936 AD: Shiro Ishii creates Unit 731 to research biological weapons

About 9000 people will die in the experiments.

-- Germ warfare timeline, Aug. 13, 1995, Germ warfare ["http://www.cnd.org/njmassacre/recent-news2.html"], Global Alliance for Preserving the History of World War II in Asia, citing ''Factories of Death,'' by Sheldon H. Harris (Routledge, 1994); and ''Prisoners of the Japanese: POWS of World War II in the Pacific,'' by Gavan Daws (William Morrow, 1994)

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1,938 AD: Orson Welles panics thousands of American radio listeners with his realistic broadcast based on "The War of the Worlds" by H.G. Wells

-- That Way Madness Lies (washingtonpost.com) ["http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18298-2001Oct18.html"] By Don Oldenburg Washington Post; October 19, 2001; Page C01

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1,938 AD: German Konrad Zuse constructs the Z1: the earliest digital computer making use of binary code; A living specimen of a fish long thought extinct is found off South Africa: the coelacanth

-- Saving Bits and Bytes for History By ASHLEY DUNN, August 7, 2000, Los Angeles Times, http://www.latimes.com/news/front/20000807/t000073831.html

-- Strange Science: Timeline ["http://www.strangescience.net/"], Narrative text and graphic design by Michon Scott

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1,930 AD- 1,940 AD: In constant dollars, US GNP growth per capita is 21% through this period

-- INVESTOR'S GUIDE 2002 Warren Buffett on the Stock Market ["http://www.fortune.com/indexw.jhtml?channel=artcol.jhtml&doc_id=205324"] By Carol Loomis; FORTUNE; December 10, 2001

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1,930s AD- 1,945 AD: USAmerica enters into the Great Depression during the 1930s and doesn't seem to exit it until around the start of World War II in 1939 (WWII lasts into 1945); Labor Unions gain new power; Social Security enacted in USAmerica

-- page 907, "World War II", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

According to data from the Red Cross' Superfluous Injury or Unnecessary Suffering (SIrUS) Project, begun in 1997, somewhere around 18-22% of soldiers injured on a battlefield wherever conventional weapons such as bullets, mortars, grenades, and bombs are used, will die. Of those injured which survive to reach a hospital, two to four and a half percent will die.

-- Humane killing by Rob Edwards, From New Scientist, 4 December 1999

During 1942 Shiro Ishii/Unit 731 expand their biological weapons testing to include both Chinese civilians and soldiers. Anthrax, cholera, and bubonic plague kill at least 20,000 people.

-- Germ warfare timeline, Aug. 13, 1995, Germ warfare ["http://www.cnd.org/njmassacre/recent-news2.html"], Global Alliance for Preserving the History of World War II in Asia, citing ''Factories of Death,'' by Sheldon H. Harris (Routledge, 1994); and ''Prisoners of the Japanese: POWS of World War II in the Pacific,'' by Gavan Daws (William Morrow, 1994)

A brief synopsis of the slide into the great depression might go as follows: Bursts of excessive speculation atop a persistant element of deflation are succeeded by an investment panic and finally economic depression. Inadequately regulated financial markets may be inherently unstable, and thus offer little evidence for the desirability of totally free markets within a given society.

-- WHEN THE FREE MARKET IS TOO FREE BY ROBERT KUTTNER, Economic Viewpoint, Business Week: October 12, 1998, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

USAmerican political party dominance immediately before and during this noteworthy time

Contemporary/short term party precedence in power regarding this period (in power during noted events and/or during the 4-6 years preceding same events):

President(s): Republican, Herbert Hoover, 1929-1933; Franklin D. Roosevelt, Democrat, 1933-1945; both contemporaries to the period
Calvin Coolidge, Republican, preceding executive, 1923-1929 (replaced Republican president Warren G. Harding due to death)

-- The Universal Almanac 1996, Andrews & McMeel, pages 70-91, and other sources

Senate: Republican majority (71st, 72nd Congresses), Democrat majority (73rd, 74th, 75th, 76th, 77th, 78th, 79th Congresses) contemporary
Republican controlled 68th, 69th, 70th during the preceding 4-6 years

-- U.S. Senate Statistics: Majority and Minority Parties ["http://www.senate.gov/learning/stat_13.html"] and Senate Statistics Vice Presidents ["http://www.senate.gov/learning/learn_history_statistics.html"]

House of Representatives: Republican majority, (71st, 72nd), Democratic majority (73rd, 74th, 75th, 76th, 77th, 78th, 79th Houses) contemporary
Republican controlled (68th, 69th, 70th) during the preceding 4-6 years

-- Political Divisions of the House of Representatives (1789 to Present) ["http://clerkweb.house.gov/histrecs/househis/lists/divisionh.htm"], Source: Committee on House Administration. Charlie Rose, Chairman. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1994. History of the United States House of Representatives, 1789-1994 Washington: 1994

The Republican political party of USAmerica controlled both houses of Congress for the whole decade preceding the Great Depression. They also held the Presidency during these years. They pushed tariffs to an all time high, often looked the other way as big business commited violations of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and market competition within the USA waned, and made tax cuts which benefited the wealthy.

It was after all this that the Great Depression took place, lasting for many years. Republicans lost their popular support with this event.

During the 1930s the Republican party was staunchly isolationist, backing a stance of international neutrality something akin to that of Switzerland. They also voted against increases in defense spending. However, in 1940 they nominated an apparent non-isolationist for president (he lost anyway).

By the time World War II ended in 1945, most Republican Senators had abandoned isolationism.

-- Encyclopedia Americana: Republican Party ["http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/side/rparty.html"] possibly by George H. Mayer, University of South Florida, Grolier Incorporated

In 1933 USAmerican unemployment stood at around 33%.

The exact causes of the Great Depression in USAmerica during the 1930s (which also affected many other nations of the time, and possibly aided the rise of Hitler in Germany, so helping spark WWII itself) will be argued over by politicians and economists for decades to come. Most agree that some of the root causes possibly included stock market speculation nourished by lax credit policies, an oversupply of some goods in the markets, and debt and tariff policies which reduced overseas markets for American production.

USAmerican president Franklin D. Roosevelt tried many ways to end or minimize the effects of the Depression in USAmerica, of which one major attempt was his "New Deal" collection of programs.

Social Security in USAmerica was enacted during the second part of the New Deal policies, in 1935. The Supreme Court ruled out some New Deal policies, and many business and conservative interests attacked and criticized the programs at every turn. However, many important elements of Roosevelt's New Deal will survive well beyond the end of WWII, and effectively restructure USAmerican government and society in the process.

-- page 334, "Great Depression", page 575, "New Deal", page 764, "social security", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

In 1938 pressure from labor unions in USAmerica brings about the Fair Labor Standards Act, which includes a minimum wage for workers.

-- page 532, "minimum wage", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

USAmerican trade unions enjoy their peak number in membership rolls in 1945, at some 35.5% of the total non-farm labor force.

-- page 850, "union, labor" or "trade union", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

In 1935 3% of USAmericans were investors in the stock market, and national unemployment stood at 25%.

-- Social Security, born 65 years ago, still paying dividends ["http://www.sduniontribune.com/news/uniontrib/sat/news/news_1n12socsec.html"] By Mary Deibel, SCRIPPS HOWARD NEWS SERVICE/Union-Tribune Publishing Co., August 12, 2000

Kerguelen is used as a German military base during World War II.

-- About Kerguelen ["http://www.kerguelen.org/kerguelen.html"] by Jaap Boender, September 12, 2000

The many fjords of Kerguelen made it potentially a formidable military base in WWII for the Germans or Japanese. Though officially only a small amount of German and allied military activity took place there in WWII, some of the fjords remain dangerous due to WWII mining operations many decades later.

-- Kerguelen Island, South Indian Ocean ["http://www.btinternet.com/~sa_sa/kerguelen/kerguelen_islands.html"] by Paul Carroll, January 2000

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1,942 AD-1,945 AD: A mad quest for immortality no matter the cost spans the generations

[Caution: Extreme speculation ahead; this section mostly created for "What If?" entertainment value]

A multitude of mad and borderline mad schemes are set into motion by Adolf Hitler and his top cronies during World War II. Hitler's fascination with the occult and ancient relics leads to various archeaological efforts by the Nazis in addition to many wild scientific research projects, all heavily funded and supported by the plundered treasures of europe and millions of conquered and subsequently enslaved citizens of several nations.

Hitler's SS possessed its own archaeological resources and missions.

-- When archaeology gets bent ["http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3372117.stm"]; 8 January, 2004; news.bbc.co.uk

Nazi Germany's reach extends to many shores, including that of South America. Assuming that their goals justify any means, enjoying near unlimited resources, state-of-the-art technology, and almost pristine archeaological sites in many areas, Nazi supported efforts in several regions show surprising results rather quickly.

One find consists of one of the inverted, rubber-lined and liquid-filled pyramids built by Mayan X prior to 1000 AD. Once they know what to look for, they find all the others as well.

Meanwhile, on an isolated portion of the south american coast, Nazi agents locate a deep natural gorge adjacent to the sea, with a depth extending well below sea level. Secret construction within the gorge of the outer shell and main framework of an undersea complex is completed in under 18 months. This place is meant to contain Adolf Hitler and/or one or more of his top lieutenants in a 1000 year sleep, with a multi-generational support staff sealed in with them, and a 100% recycling system keeping it all out of touch with and undetectable by the outside world. This contingency refuge is meant to serve either as the ultimate secret bunker, or as a means to preserve the Nazi elite after death until technology advances sufficiently to revive them again.

The gorge itself has its wall facing the sea bombed, allowing the sea to pour in and submerge and hide the complex after construction. It is hoped this measure will help the complex stay hidden for a millennium.

It is planned to connect those guests of honor within the complex who are still alive at entombment to a huge system of slave bodies, with all the major organs of the slaves adding to the lifespan and recuperative capacity of the central guests, thereby extending the guests' lives (at the expense of the slaves'). To keep the system at optimal levels slave bodies would be replaced with fresher ones as needed, and a 'pure' breeding stock of slaves maintained inside the complex for just this purpose.

Most of the medical research for this project is carried out in Germany with enslaved test subjects, but the archeaological find in south america also attracts attention from the German doctors in the last months of WWII. A fraction of the original life extension effort records from the 1,750 - 1,835 project also falls into the hands of the German effort.

Due to their totalitarian freedoms from democratic limits on power, coercion, and secrecy, and the military conquests the Nazi regime enjoys, they gain an edge of several years to a decade over the democratic Allies in many technological matters-- an edge perhaps sufficient to win WWII if not for their mad leader Hitler, who tends to be increasingly random in his decision-making, and thus squanders many of the breakthroughs made during this time.

Yes, the Germans during this period gain an edge over their Allies of several years to a decade in some matters of technology such as high performance aircraft and missiles-- but in one other area they muster an advantage still more substantial: human biology and medicine where life extension, stasis, and revival are concerned. The German medical scientists enjoy all the same advantages listed above for other Nazi researchers, plus another one exclusive to them alone: the asset of unlimited human test subjects for whatever experimentation they may wish.

These elements in and of themselves would be sufficient to provide the Germans with perhaps as much as a 20-25 year lead in such technologies over the Allies. But the scientists are extraordinarily lucky, and gain the windfall of results from two entirely independent efforts of previous decades and millennia: the life extension research from 1,750 - 1,835, and the inverted OM pyramids constructed by Mayan X.

Combining all these different items offers them stunning breakthroughs in their project-- breakthroughs which in some cases may be applicable to other fields as well. But the scientists do not get the opportunity to get their work applied outside the boundaries of the lab before they and their work are taken by the Soviets, during the collapse of Nazi Germany.

The south american refuge complex is abandoned with its interior unfinished and unstaffed, and even some signs of the hurried construction left in the surrounding vicinity too (though the main complex remains well hidden). The life extension research records and plans (as well as notes about the inverted pyramid find and an intriguing partial analysis of its contents) fall into the hands of invading Soviets in Germany.

-- "Medical science under the Nazis" By William Reville, The Irish Times - SCIENCE TODAY, June 14, 1999

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1,945 AD: Vannevar Bush publishes ideas in the Atlantic Monthly article "As We May Think" remarkably predictive of hypertext and the internet...

...and actually wrote elsewhere about his "Memex" concept still earlier, in the 1930s.

Note that telephone, radio, and television technology are all available by now-- as well as rudimentary computing technology. A far-seeing developed nation of this time (like USAmerica), which had escaped decimation by two world wars, could well begin a nationwide internet based on massive central servers with minimal timesharing terminals for clients dispersed across the country, building upon the concepts of Bush, in a high tech version of the interstate highway system which did take place-- or later in place of the Moon Landing program. Such a net could connect major government and defense agencies, prominent universities and research facilities, and large corporations by the late fifties, early sixties, perhaps greatly accelerating innovation and more. The coinciding absence of an interstate highway building plan might greatly encourage the development of e-commerce too within the system. Would the absence of the interstate highway system for rapid military response to war threats be sufficiently balanced by internal information exchange and e-commerce development to prevent the USSR from initiating a nuclear exchange with USAmerica in the sixties? We cannot know. However, it seems sure that in this scenario global economic growth might suffer for several decades, due to the greater relative inefficiency suffered by USAmerica in terms of transport and manufacturing, with no interstate highway system in place. And that might make post WWII reconstruction proceed more slowly for europe, possibly helping communism find more adherents...resulting in still more uncertainty. Perhaps the best scenario would come from USAmerica creating an internet system AND the interstate highway system-- but ignoring the Moon Shot option, allowing the USSR instead the greatest boasting room for Moon-related missions, while the US at most experiments with orbiting satellites and creating ballistic missiles (the bulk of what actually transpired). In this case post WWII global economics might proceed much the same as history records, but after the late sixties or early seventies USAmerica might gain an insurmountable lead in Earthside information technology and education, paving the way for an earlier collapse of the USSR (perhaps climaxed with a brief but limited nuclear exchange) by the early to mid-eighties. Following that might be an acceleration in global economic growth rivaling that seen in the late nineties in actual history-- only with USAmerica being even stronger and more relatively advanced than what was realized otherwise. Such world dominance might turn out to be excessive however, leading to mistakes of hubris on USAmerica's part, and greater vilification of the US worldwide than occured under the actual circumstances. But it seems clear that in the speculatively more advanced USAmerica, citizens there would generally enjoy more pleasant lives and fewer worries about foreigners/immigration/trade (though perhaps at the expense of the rest of the world suffering somewhat greater poverty than is the actual case in 2000 AD)

-- Memex ["http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/elab/hfl0051.html"], apparently by Christopher Keep and Tim McLaughlin

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"...the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is to tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same in any country."

-- Hermann Goering, Hitler's chosen successor for ruling Nazi Germany during World War II; quote from the Nuremberg Trials 1945-1946

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1,946 AD: The ENIAC general purpose computer is completed

-- Saving Bits and Bytes for History By ASHLEY DUNN, August 7, 2000, Los Angeles Times, http://www.latimes.com/news/front/20000807/t000073831.html

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1,947 AD: Physicists at Bell Labs create the Germanium transistor, which will replace vacuum tubes; Labor Unions lose some power in USAmerica; The United Nations partitions Palestine into one Jewish and one Arab state.

-- 1947 Scientists Hate Vacuums, Too; The Incredible Shrinking Computer; A Brief History of Computing ["http://www.cnet.com/techtrends/0-1544318-7-1656936.html?tag=st.sr.1544318-7-1656936-rost.back2.1544318-7-1656936"], found on or about 4-15-2000

In USAmerica the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act cuts back the power of labor unions in some respects.

-- page 850, "union, labor" or "trade union", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

The British cannot stem the decades of violence between Arab and Jew in Palestine, and so turn the issue over to the United Nations.

-- page 619, "Palestine", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

The UN splits Palestine into two states, one Jewish and the other Arab. A few months later the British pull out of the area.

-- page 407, "Israel", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

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1,948 AD: Britain expands the scope of its mandatory national health insurance program to make it one of the most comprehensive in the world; Israel proclaims its statehood, sparking war in the region

-- page 357, "health insurance", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon all reject Israel's proclamation and the previous splitting of Palestine. War erupts, lasting into 1949. Israel is the victor, adding 50% to its land area from the spoils.

-- page 407, "Israel", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

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1,949 AD: "If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face--forever."

-- George Orwell, in his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four

-- Journey to the Center of Jules Verne ["http://www.vision.org/jrnl/9901/verne.html"] by EDWIN STEPP

In 1949 the world trade union movement is dealt a serious blow as the creation of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions effectively reduces the previous power and influence once held by the older World Federation of Trade Unions.

-- page 850, "union, labor" or "trade union", The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Second Edition, 1989, Columbia University Press

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1,940 AD- 1,950 AD: In constant dollars, US GNP growth per capita is 50% through this period

-- INVESTOR'S GUIDE 2002 Warren Buffett on the Stock Market ["http://www.fortune.com/indexw.jhtml?channel=artcol.jhtml&doc_id=205324"] By Carol Loomis; FORTUNE; December 10, 2001

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1,950 AD: Stymied in their years of attempts to abolish many elements of FDR's New Deal, and seeking some new way to increase public support, Republicans turn to stoking public fears of hidden enemies within via McCarthyism; Global life expectancy at birth today is 48

Republican Senator Joseph R. McCarthy leads a virtual witch hunt against many government employees and their bosses, accusing them of being Communists or supporting the cause. His charges are never proven, but many suffer mightily from having such accusations leveled at them or their associates, for decades to come. McCarthy-inspired investigations would keep the issue (and related matters) alive for years, helping to fuel a rejuvenation of the Republican party in terms of voter turnout numbers in subsequent elections.

-- Encyclopedia Americana: Republican Party ["http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/side/rparty.html"] possibly by George H. Mayer, University of South Florida, Grolier Incorporated

Global life expectancy at birth was 48 in 1950.

By 1950 31% of humanity lived in 22 relatively robust democracies, and 11.9% in 21 somewhat more restrictive democratic nations.

-- Good Times By Ronald Bailey; Reason Magazine; April 25, 2001

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1,950+ AD: Global economic growth is approaching 3 percent

-- "The Internet Economy: the World's Next Growth Engine" By MICHAEL J. MANDEL With Irene M. Kunii in Tokyo, BUSINESSWEEK ONLINE : OCTOBER 4, 1999 ISSUE

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Beyond 1950 AD in Perspectives...


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